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. In this study, we integrate recent in situ measurements with satelliteretrievals of dust physical and radiative properties to quantify dustdirect radiative effects on shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) radiation(denoted as DRE SW and DRE LW , respectively) in the tropical NorthAtlantic during the summer months from 2007 to 2010. Through linear regression ofthe CERES-measured top-of-atmosphere (TOA) flux versus satellite aerosol opticaldepth (AOD) retrievals, we estimate the instantaneous DRE SW efficiencyat the TOA to be - 49.7 ± 7.1  W m −2  AOD −1 and - 36.5 ± 4.8  W m −2  AOD −1 based on AOD from MODIS and CALIOP,respectively. We then perform various sensitivity studies based on recentmeasurements of dust particle size distribution (PSD), refractive index, andparticle shape distribution to determine how the dust microphysical andoptical properties affect DRE estimates and its agreement with the above-mentionedsatellite-derived DREs. Our analysis shows that a good agreement with theobservation-based estimates of instantaneous DRE SW and DRE LW can beachieved through a combination of recently observed PSD with substantialpresence of coarse particles, a less absorptive SW refractive index, andspheroid shapes. Based on this optimal combination of dust physicalproperties we further estimate the diurnal mean dust DRE SW in the regionof −10  W m −2 at TOA and −26  W m −2 at the surface, respectively, ofwhich ∼  30 % is canceled out by the positive DRE LW . Thisyields a net DRE of about −6.9 and −18.3  W m −2 at TOA and the surface, respectively. Our study suggests that the LW flux contains usefulinformation on dust particle size, which could be used together with SWobservations to achieve a more holistic understanding of the dust radiativeeffect.

Net radiative effects of dust in the tropical North Atlantic based on integrated satellite observations and in situ measurements