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Abstract. The preconditioning of the atmosphere for a shallow-to-deep convectivetransition during the dry-to-wet season transition period (August–November)is investigated using Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric RadiationMeasurement (ARM) GoAmazon2014/5 campaign data from March 2014 to November2015 in Manacapuru, Brazil. In comparison to conditions observed prior toshallow convection, anomalously high humidity in the free troposphere andboundary layer is observed prior to a shallow-to-deep convection transition.An entraining plume model, which captures this leading dependence on lowertropospheric moisture, is employed to study indirect thermodynamic effectsassociated with vertical wind shear (VWS) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)concentration on preconvective conditions. The shallow-to-deep convectivetransition primarily depends on humidity, especially that from the freetroposphere, which tends to increase plume buoyancy. Conditions precedingdeep convection are associated with high relative humidity, andlow-to-moderate CCN concentration (less than the 67th percentile,1274 cm−3). VWS, however, shows littlerelation to moisture and plume buoyancy. Buoyancy estimates suggest that thelatent heat release due to freezing is important to deep convective growthunder all conditions analyzed, consistent with potential pathways for aerosoleffects, even in the presence of a strong entrainment. Shallow-onlyconvective growth, however, shows an association with a strong (weak) low(deep) level VWS and with higher CCN concentration.

On the role of aerosols, humidity, and vertical wind shear in the transition of shallow-to-deep convection at the Green Ocean Amazon 2014/5 site