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. Energetic particles enter the polar atmosphere andenhance the production of nitrogen oxides and hydrogen oxides in the winterstratosphere and mesosphere. Both components are powerful ozone destroyers.Recently, it has been inferred from observations that the direct effect ofenergetic particle precipitation (EPP) causes significant long-termmesospheric ozone variability. Satellites observe a decrease in mesosphericozone up to 34 % between EPP maximum and EPP minimum. Stratospheric ozonedecreases due to the indirect effect of EPP by about 10–15 % observed bysatellite instruments. Here, we analyze the climate impact of winter borealidealized polar mesospheric and polar stratospheric ozone losses as caused byEPP in the coupled MaxPlanck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM). Using radiative transfermodeling, we find that the radiative forcing of mesospheric ozone loss duringpolar night is small. Hence, climate effects of mesospheric ozone loss due toenergetic particles seem unlikely. Stratospheric ozone loss due to energeticparticles warms the winter polar stratosphere and subsequently weakens thepolar vortex. However, those changes are small, and few statisticallysignificant changes in surface climate are found.

Climate impact of idealized winter polar mesospheric and stratospheric ozone losses as caused by energetic particle precipitation