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. Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) samples collected at Mount(Mt.) Tai in the North China Plain during summer 2014 were analyzed fordicarboxylic acids and related compounds (oxocarboxylic acids and α -dicarbonyls) (DCRCs). The total concentration of DCRCs was 1050±580 and 1040±490  ng m −3 during the day and night, respectively.Although these concentrations were about 2 times lower than similarmeasurements in 2006, the concentrations reported here were about 1–13 timeshigher than previous measurements in other major cities in the world.Molecular distributions of DCRCs revealed that oxalic acid (C 2 ) was thedominant species (50 %), followed by succinic acid (C 4 ) (12 %)and malonic acid (C 3 ) (8 %). WRF modeling revealed that Mt. Tai wasmostly in the free troposphere during the campaign and long-range transportwas a major factor governing the distributions of the measured compounds atMt. Tai. A majority of the samples (79 %) had comparable concentrationsduring the day and night, with their day–night concentration ratios between0.9 and 1.1. Multi-day transport was considered an important reason for thesimilar concentrations. Correlation analyses of DCRCs and their gasprecursors and between C 2 and sulfate indicated precursor emissions andaqueous-phase oxidations during long-range transport also likely play animportant role, especially during the night. Source identification indicatedthat anthropogenic activities followed by photochemical aging accounted forabout 60 % of the total variance and were the dominant source at Mt. Tai.However, biomass burning was only important during the first half of themeasurement period. Measurements of potassium ( K+ ) and DCRCs were about2 times higher than those from the second half of the measurement period. Theconcentration of levoglucosan, a biomass burning tracer, decreased by about80 % between 2006 and 2014, indicating that biomass burning may havedecreased between 2006 and 2014.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Molecular distributions of dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;α&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;-dicarbonyls in PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2.5&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; collected at the top of Mt. Tai, North China, during the wheat burning season of 2014