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. In the present study, the WRF-Chem model is used to assesscontributions of residential coal combustion (RCC) emissions to the airquality in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) during a persistent air pollutionepisode from 9 to 25 January 2014. In general, the predicted temporalvariations and spatial distributions of the mass concentrations of airpollutants are in good agreement with observations at monitoring sites inBTH. The WRF-Chem model also reasonably reproduces the temporal variationsin aerosol species when compared with the aerosol mass spectrometer measurements in Beijing. TheRCC emissions play an important role in the haze formation in BTH,contributing about 23.1 % of PM 2.5 (fine particulate matter) and42.6 % of SO2 during the simulation period on average. Organicaerosols dominate the PM 2.5 from the RCC emissions in BTH, with acontribution of 42.8 %, followed by sulfate (17.1 %). The air quality inBeijing is remarkably improved when the RCC emissions in BTH and thesurrounding areas are excluded in model simulations, with a 30 % decreasein PM 2.5 mass concentrations. However, if only the RCC emissions inBeijing are excluded, the local PM 2.5 mass concentration is decreased by18.0 % on average. Our results suggest that the implementation of theresidential coal replacement by clean energy sources in Beijing isbeneficial to the local air quality. Should residential coal replacementbe carried out in BTH and its surrounding areas, the air quality in Beijingwould be improved remarkably. Further studies would need to consideruncertainties in the emission inventory and meteorological fields.

Contributions of residential coal combustion to the air quality in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), China: a case study