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During free fall in clouds, ice hydrometeors such as snowflakes and ice\udparticles grow effectively by riming, i.e., the accretion of supercooled\uddroplets. Volatile atmospheric trace constituents dissolved in the\udsupercooled droplets may remain in ice during freezing or may be released\udback to the gas phase. This process is quantified by retention coefficients.\udOnce in the ice phase the trace constituents may be vertically redistributed\udby scavenging and subsequent precipitation or by evaporation of these ice\udhydrometeors at high altitudes. Retention coefficients of the most dominant\udcarboxylic acids and aldehydes found in cloud water were investigated in the\udMainz vertical wind tunnel under dry-growth (surface temperature\udless than 0 °C) riming conditions which are typically prevailing in\udthe mixed-phase zone of convective clouds (i.e., temperatures from −16 to\ud−7 °C and a liquid water content (LWC) of 0. 9 ± 0. 2 g m<sup>−3</sup>). The mean retention coefficients of formic and acetic acids\udare found to be 0. 68 ± 0. 09 and 0. 63 ± 0. 19. Oxalic and malonic acids\udas well as formaldehyde show mean retention coefficients of 0. 97 ± 0. 06,\ud0. 98 ± 0. 08, and 0. 97 ± 0. 11, respectively. Application of a\udsemi-empirical model on the present and earlier wind tunnel measurements\udreveals that retention coefficients can be well interpreted by the effective\udHenry's law constant accounting for solubility and dissociation. A\udparameterization for the retention coefficients has been derived for\udsubstances whose aqueous-phase kinetics are fast compared to mass transport\udtimescales. For other cases, the semi-empirical model in combination with a\udkinetic approach is suited to determine the retention coefficients. These may\udbe implemented in high-resolution cloud models

Chemistry of riming: the retention of organic and inorganic atmospheric trace constituents