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The formation of oxalic acid and its mixing state in atmosphericparticulate matter (PM) were studied using a single-particle aerosol massspectrometer (SPAMS) in the summer and winter of 2014 in Heshan, a supersitein the rural area of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in China.Oxalic-acid-containing particles accounted for 2.5 and 2.7 % in totaldetected ambient particles in summer and winter, respectively. Oxalic acidwas measured in particles classified as elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon(OC), elemental and organic carbon (ECOC), biomass burning (BB), heavy metal(HM), secondary (Sec), sodium-potassium (NaK), and dust. Oxalic acid wasfound predominantly mixing with sulfate and nitrate during the whole samplingperiod, likely due to aqueous-phase reactions. In summer,oxalic-acid-containing particle number and ozone concentration followed avery similar trend, which may reflect the significant contribution ofphotochemical reactions to oxalic acid formation. The HM particles were themost abundant oxalic acid particles in summer and the diurnal variations inpeak area of iron and oxalic acid show opposite trends, which suggests apossible loss of oxalic acid through the photolysis of iron oxalato-complexesduring the strong photochemical activity period. In wintertime, carbonaceousparticles contained a substantial amount of oxalic acid as well as abundantcarbon clusters and BB markers. The general existence of nitric acid inoxalic-acid-containing particles indicates an acidic environment during theformation process of oxalic acid. The peak areas of nitrate, sulfate andoxalic had similar temporal change in the carbonaceous type oxalic acidparticles, and the organosulfate-containing oxalic acid particles correlatedwell with total oxalic acid particles during the haze episode, which suggeststhat the formation of oxalic acid is closely associated with the oxidation oforganic precursors in the aqueous phase

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Mixing state of oxalic acid containing particles in the rural area of Pearl River Delta, China: implications for the formation mechanism of oxalic acid