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The province of Alberta, Canada, is home to three oil sands regions\udwhich, combined, contain the third largest deposit of oil in the world. Of\udthese, the Athabasca oil sands region is the largest. As part of Environment\udand Climate Change Canada's program in support of the Joint Canada-Alberta\udImplementation Plan for Oil Sands Monitoring program, concentrations of trace\udelements in PM2. 5 (particulate matter smaller than 2.5 µm in\uddiameter) were measured through two campaigns that involved different\udmethodologies: a long-term filter campaign and a short-term intensive\udcampaign. In the long-term campaign, 24 h filter samples were collected\udonce every 6 days over a 2-year period (December 2010–November 2012) at three\udair monitoring stations in the regional municipality of Wood Buffalo. For the\udintensive campaign (August 2013), hourly measurements were made with an\udonline instrument at one air monitoring station; daily filter samples were\udalso collected. The hourly and 24 h filter data were analyzed individually\udusing positive matrix factorization. Seven emission sources of PM2. 5\udtrace elements were thereby identified: two types of upgrader emissions,\udsoil, haul road dust, biomass burning, and two sources of mixed origin. The\udupgrader emissions, soil, and haul road dust sources were identified through\udboth the methodologies and both methodologies identified a mixed source, but\udthese exhibited more differences than similarities. The second upgrader emissions and biomass burning sources were only resolved by the hourly and\udfilter methodologies, respectively. The similarity of the receptor modeling\udresults from the two methodologies provided reassurance as to the identity of\udthe sources. Overall, much of the PM2. 5-related trace elements were found\udto be anthropogenic, or at least to be aerosolized through anthropogenic\udactivities. These emissions may in part explain the previously reported\udhigher levels of trace elements in snow, water, and biota samples collected\udnear the oil sands operations

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Sources of particulate matter components in the Athabasca oil sands region: investigation through a comparison of trace element measurement methodologies