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Residential biofuel combustion is an important source of aerosolsand gases in the atmosphere. The change in cloud characteristics due tobiofuel burning aerosols is uncertain, in part, due to the uncertainty in theadded number of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) from biofuel burning. Weprovide estimates of the CCN activity of biofuel burning aerosols byexplicitly modeling plume dynamics (coagulation, condensation, chemicalreactions, and dilution) in a young biofuel burning plume from emission untilplume exit, defined here as the condition when the plume reaches ambienttemperature and specific humidity through entrainment. We found thataerosol-scale dynamics affect CCN activity only during the first few secondsof evolution, after which the CCN efficiency reaches a constant value.Homogenizing factors in a plume are co-emission of semi-volatile organiccompounds (SVOCs) or emission at small particle sizes; SVOC co-emission canbe the main factor determining plume-exit CCN for hydrophobic or smallparticles. Coagulation limits emission of CCN to about 1016 per kilogram of fuel. Depending on emission factor, particle size, and composition, some of these particles may not activate at low supersaturation (ssat). Hygroscopic Aitken-mode particles can contribute to CCN throughself-coagulation but have a small effect on the CCN activity ofaccumulation-mode particles, regardless of composition differences. Simplemodels (monodisperse coagulation and average hygroscopicity) can be used toestimate plume-exit CCN within about 20 % if particles are unimodal andhave homogeneous composition, or when particles are emitted in the Aitkenmode even if they are not homogeneous. On the other hand, if externally mixedparticles are emitted in the accumulation mode without SVOCs, an averagehygroscopicity overestimates emitted CCN by up to a factor of 2. This workhas identified conditions under which particle populations become morehomogeneous during plume processes. This homogenizing effect requires thecomponents to be truly co-emitted, rather than sequentially emitted

Plume-exit modeling to determine cloud condensation nuclei activity of aerosols from residential biofuel combustion