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To better understand the characteristics of biomass burning in the\udnorthern Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), total suspended particles were collected\udin a rural site, Lumbini, Nepal, during April 2013 to March 2014 and analyzed\udfor the biomass burning tracers (i.e., levoglucosan, mannosan, vanillic acid). The annual average concentration of levoglucosan was\ud734 ± 1043 ng m−3 with the maximum seasonal mean concentration\udduring post-monsoon season (2206 ± 1753 ng m−3), followed by\udwinter (1161 ± 1347 ng m−3), pre-monsoon\ud(771 ± 524 ng m−3) and minimum concentration during monsoon\udseason (212 ± 279 ng m−3). The other biomass burning tracers\ud(mannosan, galactosan, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid\udand dehydroabietic acid) also showed the similar seasonal variations. There\udwere good correlations among levoglucosan, organic carbon (OC) and elemental\udcarbon (EC), indicating significant impact of biomass burning activities on\udcarbonaceous aerosol loading throughout the year in Lumbini area. According\udto the characteristic ratios, levoglucosan ∕ mannosan (lev ∕ man) and\udsyringic acid ∕ vanillic acid (syr ∕ van), we deduced that the high\udabundances of biomass burning products during non-monsoon seasons were mainly\udcaused by the burning of crop residues and hardwood while the softwood had\udless contribution. Based on the diagnostic tracer ratio (i.e., lev ∕ OC),\udthe OC derived from biomass burning constituted large fraction of total OC,\udespecially during post-monsoon season. By analyzing the MODIS fire spot\udproduct and 5-day air-mass back trajectories, we further demonstrated that\udorganic aerosol composition was not only related to the local agricultural\udactivities and residential biomass usage but also impacted by the\udregional emissions. During the post-monsoon season, the emissions from rice\udresidue burning in western India and eastern Pakistan could impact\udparticulate air pollution in Lumbini and surrounding regions in southern\udNepal. Therefore, our finding is meaningful and has a great importance for\udadopting the appropriate mitigation measures, not only at the local level but\udalso by involving different regions and nations, to reduce the biomass\udburning emissions in the broader IGP region nations

Organic molecular tracers in the atmospheric aerosols from Lumbini, Nepal, in the northern Indo-Gangetic Plain: influence of biomass burning