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The Arctic environment has an amplified response to global climaticchange. It is sensitive to human activities that mostly take place elsewhere.For this study, a multi-year set of observed aerosol number sizedistributions in the diameter range of 10 to 500 nm from five sites aroundthe Arctic Ocean (Alert, Villum Research Station – Station Nord, Zeppelin,Tiksi and Barrow) was assembled and analysed. A cluster analysis of the aerosol number size distributions revealed fourdistinct distributions. Together with Lagrangian air parcelback-trajectories, they were used to link the observed aerosol number sizedistributions with a variety of transport regimes. This analysis yieldsinsight into aerosol dynamics, transport and removal processes, on both anintra- and an inter-monthly scale. For instance, the relative occurrence ofaerosol number size distributions that indicate new particle formation (NPF)event is near zero during the dark months, increases gradually to ∼ 40 % from spring to summer, and then collapses in autumn.Also, the likelihood of Arctic haze aerosols is minimal in summer and peaksin April at all sites. The residence time of accumulation-mode particles in the Arctic troposphereis typically long enough to allow tracking them back to their sourceregions. Air flow that passes at low altitude over central Siberia andwestern Russia is associated with relatively high concentrations ofaccumulation-mode particles (Nacc) at all five sites – often above150 cm−3. There are also indications of air descending into the Arcticboundary layer after transport from lower latitudes.The analysis of the back-trajectories together with the meteorologicalfields along them indicates that the main driver of the Arctic annual cycleof Nacc, on the larger scale, is when atmospheric transport covers thesource regions for these particles in the 10-day period preceding theobservations in the Arctic. The scavenging of these particles byprecipitation is shown to be important on a regional scale and it is mostactive in summer. Cloud processing is an additional factor that enhances theNacc annual cycle. There are some consistent differences between the sites that are beyond theyear-to-year variability. They are the result of differences in theproximity to the aerosol source regions and to the Arctic Ocean sea-iceedge, as well as in the exposure to free-tropospheric air and inprecipitation patterns – to mention a few. Hence, for most purposes,aerosol observations from a single Arctic site cannot represent the entireArctic region. Therefore, the results presented here are a powerfulobservational benchmark for evaluation of detailed climate and air chemistrymodelling studies of aerosols throughout the vast Arctic region

Pan-Arctic aerosol number size distributions: seasonality and transport patterns