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Biomass burning emissions of atmospheric aerosols, including black carbon,\udare growing due to increased global drought, and comprise a large source of\uduncertainty in regional climate and air quality studies. We develop and apply\udnew incremental four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) capabilities in\udWRFDA-Chem to find optimal spatially and temporally distributed biomass\udburning (BB) and anthropogenic black carbon (BC) aerosol emissions. The\udconstraints are provided by aircraft BC concentrations from the Arctic\udResearch of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites\udin collaboration with the California Air Resources Board (ARCTAS-CARB) field\udcampaign and surface BC concentrations from the Interagency Monitoring of\udPROtected Visual Environment (IMPROVE) network on 22, 23, and 24 June 2008.\udWe consider three BB inventories, including Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN)\udv1.0 and v1.5 and Quick Fire Emissions Database (QFED) v2.4r8. On 22 June,\udaircraft observations are able to reduce the spread between a customized QFED\udinventory and FINNv1.0 from a factor of 3. 5 ( × 3. 5) to only\ud× 2. 1. On 23 and 24 June, the spread is reduced from × 3. 4 to\ud× 1. 4. The posterior corrections to emissions are heterogeneous in time\udand space, and exhibit similar spatial patterns of sign for both inventories.\udThe posterior diurnal BB patterns indicate that multiple daily emission peaks\udmight be warranted in specific regions of California. The US EPA's 2005\udNational Emissions Inventory (NEI05) is used as the anthropogenic prior. On\ud23 and 24 June, the coastal California posterior is reduced by × 2,\udwhere highway sources dominate, while inland sources are increased near\udBarstow by × 5. Relative BB emission variances are reduced from the\udprior by up to 35 % in grid cells close to aircraft flight paths and by\udup to 60 % for fires near surface measurements. Anthropogenic variance\udreduction is as high as 40 % and is similarly limited to sources close to\udobservations. We find that the 22 June aircraft observations are able to\udconstrain approximately 14 degrees of freedom of signal (DOF), while surface\udand aircraft observations together on 23/24 June constrain 23 DOF. Improving\udhourly- to daily-scale concentration predictions of BC and other aerosols\udduring BB events will require more comprehensive and/or targeted measurements\udand a more complete accounting of sources of error besides the emissions

Four-dimensional variational inversion of black carbon emissions during ARCTAS-CARB with WRFDA-Chem