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Stratospheric sulfur injections have often been suggested as a cost-effectivegeoengineering method to prevent or slow down global warming. Ingeoengineering studies, these injections are commonly targeted to theEquator, where the yearly mean intensity of the solar radiation is thehighest and from where the aerosols disperse globally due to theBrewer–Dobson Circulation. However, compensating for greenhouse gas-inducedzonal warming by reducing solar radiation would require a relatively largerradiative forcing to the mid- and high latitudes and a lower forcing to thelow latitudes than what is achieved by continuous equatorial injections. Inthis study we employ alternative aerosol injection scenarios to investigateif the resulting radiative forcing can be targeted to be zonally more uniformwithout decreasing the global the mean radiative forcing of stratosphericsulfur geoengineering. We used a global aerosol–climate model together withan Earth system model to study the radiative and climate effects ofstratospheric sulfur injection scenarios with different injection areas.According to our simulations, varying the SO2 injection area seasonallywould result in a similar global mean cooling effect as injecting SO2 tothe Equator, but with a more uniform zonal distribution of shortwaveradiative forcing. Compared to the case of equatorial injections, in theseasonally varying injection scenario where the maximum sulfur productionfrom injected SO2 followed the maximum of solar radiation, the shortwaveradiative forcing decreased by 27 % over the Equator (the latitudesbetween 20° N and 20° S) and increased by 15 % overhigher latitudes. Compared to the continuous injections to the Equator, insummer months the radiative forcing was increased by 17 and 14 % and inwinter months decreased by 14 and 16 % in Northern and Southernhemispheres, respectively. However, these forcings do not translate into aslarge changes in temperatures. The changes in forcing would only lead to0.05 K warmer winters and 0.05 K cooler summers in the Northern Hemisphere,which is roughly 3 % of the cooling resulting from solar radiationmanagement scenarios studied here

Radiative and climate effects of stratospheric sulfur geoengineering using seasonally varying injection areas