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On 13 June 2015, the London Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) warned theBuenos Aires VAAC about a possible volcanic eruption from the Nevados Ojosdel Salado volcano (6879 m), located in the Andes mountain range onthe border between Chile and Argentina. A volcanic ash cloud was detected bythe SEVIRI instrument on board the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG)satellites from 14:00 UTC on 13 June.  In this paper, we provide the first comprehensive description of this eventthrough observations and numerical simulations. Our results support thehypothesis that the phenomenon was caused by wind remobilization of ancientpyroclastic deposits (ca. 4.5 ka Cerro Blanco eruption) from theBolsón de Fiambalá (Fiambalá Basin) in northwesternArgentina. We have investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of aerosolsand the emission process over complex terrain to gain insight into the keyrole played by the orography and the condition that triggered the long-rangetransport episode.  Numerical simulations of windblown dust were performed using theARW (Advanced Research WRF) core of the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)model (WRF-ARW) and FALL3D modeling system with meteorological fields downscaled to aspatial resolution of 2 km in order to resolve the complex orographyof the area. Results indicate that favorable conditions to generate dustuplifting occurred in northern Fiambalá Basin, where orographic effectscaused strong surface winds. According to short-range numerical simulations,dust particles were confined to near-ground layers around the emission areas.In contrast, dust aerosols were injected up to 5–6 km high in centraland southern regions of the Fiambalá Basin, where intense ascendingairflows are driven by horizontal convergence.  Long-range transport numerical simulations were also performed to model thedust cloud spreading over northern Argentina. Results of simulated verticalparticle column mass were compared with the MSG-SEVIRI retrieval product. Wetested two numerical schemes: with the default configuration of the FALL3Dmodel, we found difficulties to simulate transport through orographicbarriers, whereas an alternative configuration, using a numerical scheme tomore accurately compute the horizontal advection in abrupt terrains,substantially improved the model performance.</p

Numerical simulations of windblown dust over complex terrain: the Fiambalá Basin episode in June 2015