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After carbon dioxide (CO2), aerosol black carbon (BC) is considered tobe the second most important contributor to global warming. This paperpresents equivalent black carbon (eBC) (derived from an optical absorptionmethod) data collected from three sites in the interior of South Africawhere continuous measurements were conducted, i.e. Elandsfontein, Welgegundand Marikana, as well elemental carbon (EC) (determined by evolved carbonmethod) data at five sites where samples were collected once a month on a filterand analysed offline, i.e. Louis Trichardt, Skukuza, Vaal Triangle,Amersfoort and Botsalano. Analyses of eBC and EC spatial mass concentration patterns across the eightsites indicate that the mass concentrations in the South African interior arein general higher than what has been reported for the developed world andthat different sources are likely to influence different sites. The mean eBCor EC mass concentrations for the background sites (Welgegund, LouisTrichardt, Skukuza, Botsalano) and sites influenced by industrial activitiesand/or nearby settlements (Elandsfontein, Marikana, Vaal Triangle andAmersfoort) ranged between 0.7 and 1.1, and 1.3 and1.4 µg m−3, respectively. Similar seasonalpatterns were observed at all three sites where continuous measurement datawere collected (Elandsfontein, Marikana and Welgegund), with the highest eBCmass concentrations measured from June to October, indicating contributionsfrom household combustion in the cold winter months (June–August), as wellas savannah and grassland fires during the dry season (May to mid-October).Diurnal patterns of eBC at Elandsfontein, Marikana and Welgegund indicatedmaximum concentrations in the early mornings and late evenings, and minimaduring daytime. From the patterns it could be deduced that for Marikana andWelgegund, household combustion, as well as savannah and grassland fires,were the most significant sources, respectively. Possible contributing sources were explored in greater detail forElandsfontein, with five main sources being identified as coal-fired powerstations, pyrometallurgical smelters, traffic, household combustion, as wellas savannah and grassland fires. Industries on the Mpumalanga Highveld areoften blamed for all forms of pollution, due to the NO2 hotspot overthis area that is attributed to NOx emissions from industries and vehicleemissions from the Johannesburg–Pretoria megacity. However, a comparison ofsource strengths indicated that household combustion as well as savannah andgrassland fires were the most significant sources of eBC, particularlyduring winter and spring months, while coal-fired power stations,pyrometallurgical smelters and traffic contribute to eBC mass concentrationlevels year round

Spatial, temporal and source contribution assessments of black carbon over the northern interior of South Africa