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Advancing understanding of deep convection microphysics viamesoscale modeling studies of well-observed case studies requiresobservation-based aerosol inputs. Here, we derive hygroscopic aerosol sizedistribution input profiles from ground-based and airborne measurements forsix convection case studies observed during the Midlatitude ContinentalConvective Cloud Experiment (MC3E) over Oklahoma. We demonstrate use of aninput profile in simulations of the only well-observed case study thatproduced extensive stratiform outflow on 20 May 2011. At well-sampledelevations between −11 and −23 °C over widespread stratiformrain, ice crystal number concentrations are consistently dominated by asingle mode near ∼ 400 µm in randomly oriented maximumdimension (Dmax). The ice mass at −23 °C is primarilyin a closely collocated mode, whereas a mass mode nearDmax ∼ 1000 µm becomes dominant with decreasingelevation to the −11 °C level, consistent with possibleaggregation during sedimentation. However, simulations with and withoutobservation-based aerosol inputs systematically overpredict mass peakDmax by a factor of 3–5 and underpredict ice numberconcentration by a factor of 4–10. Previously reported simulations with bothtwo-moment and size-resolved microphysics have shown biases of a similarnature. The observed ice properties are notably similar to those reportedfrom recent tropical measurements. Based on several lines of evidence, wespeculate that updraft microphysical pathways determining outflow propertiesin the 20 May case are similar to a tropical regime, likely associated withwarm-temperature ice multiplication that is not well understood or wellrepresented in models

Derivation of aerosol profiles for MC3E convection studies and use in simulations of the 20 May squall line case