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In this study we use a new dust product developed usingCALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) observations and EARLINET (European Aerosol ResearchLidar Network) measurements and methods to provide a 3-Dmultiyear analysis on the evolution of Saharan dust over North Africa andEurope. The product uses a CALIPSO L2 backscatter product corrected with adepolarization-based method to separate pure dust in external aerosolmixtures and a Saharan dust lidar ratio (LR) based on long-term EARLINETmeasurements to calculate the dust extinction profiles. The methodology isapplied on a 9-year CALIPSO dataset (2007–2015) and the results areanalyzed here to reveal for the first time the 3-D dust evolution and theseasonal patterns of dust over its transportation paths from the Saharatowards the Mediterranean and Continental Europe. During spring, the spatialdistribution of dust shows a uniform pattern over the Sahara desert. Thedust transport over the Mediterranean Sea results in mean dust optical depth(DOD) values up to 0.1. During summer, the dust activity is mostly shiftedto the western part of the desert where mean DOD near the source is up to0.6. Elevated dust plumes with mean extinction values between 10 and 75 Mm<sup>−1</sup> are observed throughout the year at various heights between 2 and 6 km, extending up to latitudes of 40° N. Dust advection isidentified even at latitudes of about 60° N, but this is due torare events of episodic nature. Dust plumes of high DOD are also observedabove the Balkans during the winter period and above northwest Europe duringautumn at heights between 2 and 4 km, reaching mean extinction values up to50 Mm<sup>−1</sup>. The dataset is considered unique with respect to its potentialapplications, including the evaluation of dust transport models and theestimation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nuclei (IN) concentration profiles. Finally, the product can be used to study dust dynamics duringtransportation, since it is capable of revealing even fine dynamicalfeatures such as the particle uplifting and deposition on Europeanmountainous ridges such as the Alps and Carpathian Mountains

Three-dimensional evolution of Saharan dust transport towards Europe based on a 9-year EARLINET-optimized CALIPSO dataset