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Aerosol effects on low warm clouds over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD, easternChina) are examined using co-located MODIS, CALIOP and CloudSat observations.By taking the vertical locations of aerosol and cloud layers into account, weuse simultaneously observed aerosol and cloud data to investigaterelationships between cloud properties and the amount of aerosol particles(using aerosol optical depth, AOD, as a proxy). Also, we investigate theimpact of aerosol types on the variation of cloud properties with AOD.Finally, we explore how meteorological conditions affect these relationshipsusing ERA-Interim reanalysis data. This study shows that the relation betweencloud properties and AODdepends on the aerosol abundance, with a different behaviour for low and highAOD (i.e. AOD < 0.35 and AOD > 0.35). This applies tocloud droplet effective radius (CDR) and cloud fraction (CF), but not tocloud optical thickness (COT) and cloud top pressure (CTP). COT is found todecrease when AOD increases, which may be due to radiative effects andretrieval artefacts caused by absorbing aerosol. Conversely, CTP tends toincrease with elevated AOD, indicating that the aerosol is not always proneto expand the vertical extension. It also shows that the COT–CDR and CWP(cloud liquid water path)–CDR relationships are not unique, but affected byatmospheric aerosol loading. Furthermore, separation of cases with eitherpolluted dust or smoke aerosol shows that aerosol–cloud interaction (ACI) isstronger for clouds mixed with smoke aerosol than for clouds mixed with dust,which is ascribed to the higher absorption efficiency of smoke than dust. Thevariation of cloud properties with AOD is analysed for various relativehumidity and boundary layer thermodynamic and dynamic conditions, showingthat high relative humidity favours larger cloud droplet particles andincreases cloud formation, irrespective of vertical or horizontal level.Stable atmospheric conditions enhance cloud cover horizontally. However,unstable atmospheric conditions favour thicker and higher clouds.Dynamically, upward motion of air parcels can also facilitate the formationof thicker and higher clouds. Overall, the present study provides anunderstanding of the impact of aerosols on cloud properties over the YRD. Inaddition to the amount of aerosol particles (or AOD), evidence is providedthat aerosol types and ambient environmental conditions need to be consideredto understand the observed relationships between cloud properties and AOD

Analysis of aerosol effects on warm clouds over the Yangtze River Delta from multi-sensor satellite observations