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Bacteria are widely distributed in atmospheric aerosols and areindispensable components of clouds, playing an important role in theatmospheric hydrological cycle. However, limited information is availableabout the bacterial community structure and function, especially for theincreasing air pollution in the North China Plain. Here, we present acomprehensive characterization of bacterial community composition, function,variation, and environmental influence for cloud water collected at Mt Taifrom 24 July to 23 August 2014. Using Miseq 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the highlydiverse bacterial community in cloud water and the predominant phyla ofProteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, and Firmicutes wereinvestigated. Bacteria that survive at low temperature, radiation, and poornutrient conditions were found in cloud water, suggesting adaption to anextreme environment. The bacterial gene functions predicted from the 16SrRNA gene using the Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities byReconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) suggested that the pathwaysrelated to metabolism and disease infections were significantly correlatedwith the predominant genera. The abundant genera Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas,Pseudomonas, and Empedobacter originated from awide range of habitats including cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleiactive species, opportunistic pathogens, and functional species,demonstrating the importance of ecology and health in cloud water. Clusteranalysis including hierarchical cluster (Hcluster) and principal coordinateanalysis (PCoA) indicated a significant disparity between polluted andnon-polluted samples. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe)demonstrated that potential pathogens were enriched in the polluted cloudsamples, whereas the diverse ecological function groups were significant inthe non-polluted samples. Discrepant community structure determined byredundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the major ions in cloud water andPM2. 5 in the atmosphere have a negative impact on bacteria, playing avital role in shaping microbial community structure. The major ions mightprovide nutrition to bacteria and directly influence the bacterialcommunity, whereas PM2. 5 in air has an indirect impact on bacterialcommunity structure. During wet deposition, soluble particulate matter wasdissolved in water droplets resulting in elevated concentration in cloudwater. PM2. 5 was possibly associated with different origins andpathways of air mass as determined using source tracking by the backwardtrajectory, mainly related to long-range transport. This work enhanced ourunderstanding of the characteristics of bacterial ecology in the atmosphericaqueous phase, highlighting the potential influence of environmentalvariables on the bacterial community in cloud processes. It may providefundamental information of the bacterial community response in cloud waterunder increasing pollution. However, due to the limited sample size (13 samples) collected at the summit of Mt Tai, these issues need in-depthdiscussion. Further studies based on an annual series of field observationexperiments and laboratory simulations will continue to track these issues

Characteristics of bacterial community in cloud water at Mt Tai: similarity and disparity under polluted and non-polluted cloud episodes