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Multi-pollutants in smoke particulate matter (SPM) were identified andquantified for the biomass burning of five major agricultural residues(wheat, rice, corn, cotton, and soybean straw) in China by an aerosol chambersystem combined with various measurement techniques. The primary emissionfactors (EFs) for PM1. 0 and PM2. 5 are 3.04–12.64 and3.25–15.16 g kg−1. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC),water-soluble inorganics (WSIs), water-soluble organic acids (WSOAs),water-soluble amine salts (WSAs), trace mineralelements (THMs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and phenols in smokePM1. 0/PM2. 5 are 1.34–6.04/1.54–7.42, 0.58–2.08/0.61–2.18,0.51–3.52/0.52–3.81, 0.13–0.64/0.14–0.77,(4.39–85.72/4.51–104.79)  ×  10−3,(11.8-51.1/14.0-131.6)  ×  10−3,(1.1–4.0/1.8–8.3)  ×  10−3, and(7.7–23.5/9.7–41.5)  ×  10−3 g kg−1, respectively. Blackcarbon (BC) mainly exists in PM1. 0; heavy-metal-bearing particles favour residing in the range of smoke PM1. 0−2. 5, which is also confirmed by individual particle analysis. With respect to the five scenarios of burning activities, the average emissionsand overall propagation of uncertainties at the 95 % confidence interval (CI)of SPM from agricultural open burning in China in 2012 were estimated to be1005.7 (−24.6, 33.7 %), 901.4 (−24.4, 33.5 %), 432.4(−24.2, 33.5 %), 134.2 (−24., 34.0 %), 249.8 (−25.4,34.9 %), 25.1 (−33.3, 41.4 %), 5.8 (−30.1, 38.5 %), 8.7(−26.6, 35.6 %), 0.5 (−26.0, 34.9 %), and 2.7 (−26.1,35.1 %) Gg for PM2. 5, PM1. 0, OC, EC, WSI, WSOA, WSA, THM, PAHs, and phenols , respectively. The emissions were further spatio-temporallycharacterized using a geographic information system (GIS) in different regionsin the summer and autumn post-harvest periods. It was found that less than 25 % of the total emissions were released during the summer harvest, which was mainlycontributed by the North Plain and the centre of China, especially Henan,Shandong, and Anhui, which are the top three provinces regarding smoke particle emissions. Flux concentrations of primarily emitted smoke PM2. 5 that werecalculated using the box-model method based on five versions of emissioninventories all exceed the carcinogenic-risk permissible exposurelimits (PEL). The health impacts and health-related economic losses from thesmoke PM2. 5 short-term exposure were assessed. The results show thatChina suffered from 7836 cases (95,% CI: 3232, 12362) of prematuremortality and 7 267 237 cases (95 % CI: 2 961 487, 1 130 784) ofchronic bronchitis in 2012, which led to losses of USD 8822.4 million(95 % CI: 3574.4, 13 034.2) or 0.1 % of the total GDP. We suggest thatthe percentage of open-burnt crop straw in the post-harvest period should becut down by over 97 % to ensure a reduction in carcinogenicity risk,especially in the North Plain and the northeast, where the emissions shoulddecrease at least by 94 % to meet the PEL. With such emission control, over92 % of the mortality and morbidity attributed to agricultural fire smokePM2. 5 can be avoided in China

Multi-pollutant emissions from the burning of major agricultural residues in China and the related health-economic effects