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During an intensive field campaign on aerosol, clouds, and ice nucleation inthe Eastern Mediterranean in April 2016, we measured the abundance of ice nucleating particles (INPs) in the lower troposphere from unmannedaircraft systems (UASs). Aerosol samples were collected by miniaturizedelectrostatic precipitators onboard the UASs at altitudes up to2.5 km. The number of INPs in these samples, which are active in thedeposition and condensation modes at temperatures from −20 to−30 °C, were analyzed immediately after collection on siteusing the ice nucleus counter FRIDGE (FRankfurt Ice nucleation Deposition freezinG Experiment). During the 1-month campaign, weencountered a series of Saharan dust plumes that traveled at severalkilometers' altitude. Here we present INP data from 42 individual flights,together with aerosol number concentrations, observations of lidarbackscattering, dust concentrations derived by the dust transport model DREAM(Dust Regional Atmospheric Model), and results from scanning electronmicroscopy. The effect of the dust plumes is reflected by the coincidence ofINPs with the particulate matter (PM), the lidar signal, and the predicteddust mass of the model. This suggests that mineral dust or a constituentrelated to dust was a major contributor to the ice nucleating properties ofthe aerosol. Peak concentrations of above 100 INPs std L<sup>−1</sup> were measured at −30 °C. The INPconcentration in elevated plumes was on average a factor of 10 higher than atground level. Since desert dust is transported for long distances over wideareas of the globe predominantly at several kilometers' altitude, we concludethat INP measurements at ground level may be of limited significance for thesituation at the level of cloud formation

Ice nucleating particles over the Eastern Mediterranean measured by unmanned aircraft systems