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We applied a global three-dimensional chemical transport model(GEOS-Chem) to examine the impacts of the East Asian monsoon on theinterannual variations of mass concentrations and direct radiative forcing(DRF) of black carbon (BC) over eastern China (110–125° E,20–45° N). With emissions fixed at the year 2010 levels, modelsimulations were driven by the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-4)meteorological fields for 1986–2006 and the Modern EraRetrospective-analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) meteorologicalfields for 1980–2010. During the period of 1986–2006, simulated June–July–August (JJA) and December–January–February(DJF)surface BC concentrations were higher in MERRA than in GEOS-4 by0.30 µg m−3 (44 %) and 0.77 µg m−3(54 %), respectively, because of the generally weaker precipitation inMERRA. We found that the strength of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM;East Asian winter monsoon, EAWM) negatively correlated with simulated JJA(DJF) surface BC concentrations (r = −0. 7 (−0.7) in GEOS-4 and −0.4(−0.7) in MERRA), mainly by the changes in atmospheric circulation.Relative to the 5 strongest EASM years, simulated JJA surface BCconcentrations in the 5 weakest monsoon years were higher over northernChina (110–125° E, 28–45° N) by0.04–0.09 µg m−3 (3–11 %), but lower over southernChina (110–125° E, 20–27° N) by0.03–0.04 µg m−3 (10–11 %). Compared to the 5strongest EAWM years, simulated DJF surface BC concentrations in the 5weakest monsoon years were higher by 0.13–0.15 µg m−3(5–8 %) in northern China and by 0.04–0.10 µg m−3(3–12 %) in southern China. The resulting JJA (DJF) mean all-sky DRF ofBC at the top of the atmosphere was 0.04 W m−2 (3 %;0.03 W m−2, 2 %) higher in northern China but 0.06 W m−2(14 %; 0.03 W m−2, 3 %) lower in southern China. In theweakest monsoon years, the weaker vertical convection at the elevatedaltitudes led to the lower BC concentrations above 1–2 km in southernChina, and therefore the lower BC DRF in the region. The differences invertical profiles of BC between the weakest and strongest EASM years(1998–1997) and EAWM years (1990–1996) reached up to−0.09 µg m−3 (−46 %) and−0.08 µg m−3 (−11 %) at 1–2 km in eastern China

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Impacts of East Asian summer and winter monsoons on interannual variations of mass concentrations and direct radiative forcing of black carbon over eastern China