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Two mountain wave events, which occurred over northern Scandinavia in December2013 are analysed by means of airborne observations and global and mesoscalenumerical simulations with horizontal mesh sizes of 16, 7.2, 2.4 and0.8 km. During both events westerly cross-mountain flow induced upward-propagating mountain waves with different wave characteristics due todiffering atmospheric background conditions. While wave breaking occurred ataltitudes between 25 and 30 km during the first event due to weakstratospheric winds, waves propagated to altitudes above 30 km andinterfacial waves formed in the troposphere at a stratospheric intrusionlayer during the second event. Global and mesoscale simulations with 16and 7.2 km grid sizes were not able to simulate the amplitudes andwavelengths of the mountain waves correctly due to unresolved mountain peaks.In simulations with 2.4 and 0.8 km horizontal resolution, mountain waveswith horizontal wavelengths larger than 15 km were resolved, but exhibitedtoo small amplitudes and too high energy and momentum fluxes. Simulatedfluxes could be reduced by either increasing the vertical model gridresolution or by enhancing turbulent diffusion in the model, which iscomparable to an improved representation of small-scale nonlinear wave effects

Observed versus simulated mountain waves over Scandinavia – improvement of vertical winds, energy and momentum fluxes by enhanced model resolution?