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Sulfate geoengineering has been proposed as an affordable andclimate-effective means to temporarily offset the warming produced by theincrease of well-mixed greenhouse gases (WMGHGs). This technique would likelyhave to be applied while and after global intergovernmental measures onemissions of WMGHGs are implemented in order to achieve surface temperaturestabilization. The direct radiative effects of sulfur injection in thetropical lower stratosphere can be summarized as increasing shortwavescattering with consequent tropospheric cooling and increasing longwaveabsorption with stratospheric warming. Indirect radiative effects are relatedto induced changes in the ozone distribution; stratospheric water vaporabundance,;formation and size of upper-tropospheric cirrus ice particles; andlifetime of long-lived species, namely CH<sub>4</sub> in connection with OHchanges through several photochemical mechanisms. Direct and indirect effectsof sulfate geoengineering both concur to determine the atmospheric response.A review of previous studies on these effects is presented here, with anoutline of the important factors that control the amount of sulfur dioxide tobe injected in an eventual realization of the experiment. However, we need totake into account that atmospheric models used for these studies have shown awide range of climate sensitivity and differences in the response tostratospheric volcanic aerosols. In addition, large uncertainties exist inthe estimate of some of these aerosol effects

Sulfate geoengineering: a review of the factors controlling the needed injection of sulfur dioxide