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Tropospheric ozone is one of the most hazardous air pollutants asit harms both human health and plant productivity. Foliage uptake of ozonevia dry deposition damages photosynthesis and causes stomatal closure. Thesefoliage changes could lead to a cascade of biogeochemical and biogeophysicaleffects that not only modulate the carbon cycle, regional hydrometeorologyand climate, but also cause feedbacks onto surface ozone concentrationitself. In this study, we implement a semi-empirical parameterization ofozone damage on vegetation in the Community Earth System Model to enableonline ozone–vegetation coupling, so that for the first time ecosystemstructure and ozone concentration can coevolve in fully coupledland–atmosphere simulations. With ozone–vegetation coupling, present-daysurface ozone is simulated to be higher by up to 4–6 ppbv over Europe, NorthAmerica and China. Reduced dry deposition velocity following ozone damagecontributes to ∼ 40–100 % of those increases, constituting asignificant positive biogeochemical feedback on ozone air quality. Enhancedbiogenic isoprene emission is found to contribute to most of the remainingincreases, and is driven mainly by higher vegetation temperature thatresults from lower transpiration rate. This isoprene-driven pathwayrepresents an indirect, positive meteorological feedback. The reduction inboth dry deposition and transpiration is mostly associated with reducedstomatal conductance following ozone damage, whereas the modification ofphotosynthesis and further changes in ecosystem productivity are found toplay a smaller role in contributing to the ozone–vegetation feedbacks. Ourresults highlight the need to consider two-way ozone–vegetation coupling inEarth system models to derive a more complete understanding and yield morereliable future predictions of ozone air quality

Effects of ozone–vegetation coupling on surface ozone air quality via biogeochemical and meteorological feedbacks