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The seasonal and spatial variations of verticaldistribution and optical properties of aerosols over China are studied usinglong-term satellite observations from the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar withOrthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and ground-based lidar observations andAerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data. The CALIOP products are validatedusing the ground-based lidar measurements at the Semi-Arid Climate andEnvironment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL). The Taklamakan Desertand Tibetan Plateau regions exhibit the highest depolarization and colorratios because of the natural dust origin, whereas the North China Plain,Sichuan Basin and Yangtze River Delta show the lowest depolarization andcolor ratios because of aerosols from secondary formation of theanthropogenic origin. Certain regions, such as the North China Plain inspring and the Loess Plateau in winter, show intermediate depolarization andcolor ratios because of mixed dust and anthropogenic aerosols. In the PearlRiver Delta region, the depolarization and color ratios are similar to buthigher than those of the other polluted regions because ofcombined anthropogenic and marine aerosols. Long-range transport of dust inthe middle and upper troposphere in spring is well captured by the CALIOPobservations. The seasonal variations in the aerosol vertical distributionsreveal efficient transport of aerosols from the atmospheric boundary layerto the free troposphere because of summertime convective mixing. The aerosolextinction lapse rates in autumn and winter are more positive than those inspring and summer, indicating trapped aerosols within the boundary layerbecause of stabler meteorological conditions. More than 80 % of thecolumn aerosols are distributed within 1.5 km above the ground in winter,when the aerosol extinction lapse rate exhibits a maximum seasonal averagein all study regions except for the Tibetan Plateau. The aerosol extinctionlapse rates in the polluted regions are higher than those of the lesspolluted regions, indicating a stabilized atmosphere due to absorptive aerosolsin the polluted regions. Our results reveal that the satellite andground-based remote-sensing measurements provide the key information on thelong-term seasonal and spatial variations in the aerosol verticaldistribution and optical properties, regional aerosol types, long-rangetransport and atmospheric stability, which can be utilized to moreprecisely assess the direct and indirect aerosol effects on weather andclimate

Aerosol vertical distribution and optical properties over China from long-term satellite and ground-based remote sensing