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Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters lower than 10 µm, (PM10) aerosol samples were collected during summer 2013 within theframework of the Chemistry and Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment (ChArMEx) attwo sites located north (Capo Granitola) and south (Lampedusa Island),respectively, of the main Mediterranean shipping route in the Straight of Sicily. The PM10 samples were collected with 12 h time resolutions at bothsites. Selected metals, main anions, cations and elemental and organiccarbon were determined. The evolution of soluble V and Ni concentrations (typical markers of heavyfuel oil combustion) was related to meteorology and ship traffic intensityin the Straight of Sicily, using a high-resolution regional model forcalculation of back trajectories. Elevated concentration of V and Ni at CapoGranitola and Lampedusa are found to correspond with air masses from theStraight of Sicily and coincidences between trajectories and positions of largeships; the vertical structure of the planetary boundary layer also appearsto play a role, with high V values associated with strong inversions anda stable boundary layer. The V concentration was generally lower at Lampedusathan at Capo Granitola V, where it reached a peak value of 40 ng m−3. Concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs), La and Ce in particular, were used to identify possible contributions from refineries, whose emissions are also characterized by elevated V and Ni amounts; refinery emissions are expectedto display high La ∕ Ce and La ∕ V ratios due to the use of La in the fluidcatalytic converter systems. In general, low La ∕ Ce and La ∕ V ratios wereobserved in the PM samples. The combination of the analyses based onchemical markers, air mass trajectories and ship routes allows us tounambiguously identify the large role of the ship source in the Straight of Sicily. Based on the sampled aerosols, ratios of the main aerosol species arisingfrom ship emission with respect to V were estimated with the aim of derivinga lower limit for the total ship contribution to PM10. The estimatedminimum ship emission contributions to PM10 were 2.0 µg m−3 at Lampedusa and 3.0 µg m−3 at Capo Granitola, corresponding with 11 and 8.6 % of PM10, respectively

Constraining the ship contribution to the aerosol of the central Mediterranean