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The relative importance of eastern Mediterranean emissions is suspected to belargely underestimated compared to other regions worldwide. Here we usedetailed speciated measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) toevaluate the spatial heterogeneity of VOC urban emission composition and theconsistency of regional and global emission inventories downscaled to Lebanon(European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme, EMEP; Atmospheric Chemistryand Climate Model Intercomparison Project, ACCMIP; and MACCity, MonitoringAtmospheric Composition and Climate and megaCITY Zoom for the Environment).The assessment was conducted through the comparison of the emission ratios(ERs) extracted from the emission inventories to the ones obtained from thehourly observations collected at a suburban site in Beirut, Lebanon, duringsummer and winter ECOCEM (Emissions and Chemistry of Organic Carbon in theEastern Mediterranean) campaigns. The observed ERs were calculated using twoindependent methods. ER values from both methods agree very well and arecomparable to the ones of the road transport sector from near-fieldmeasurements for more than 80 % of the species. There is no significantseasonality in ER for more than 90 % of the species, unlike theseasonality usually observed in other cities worldwide. Regardless of theseason, ERs agree within a factor of 2 between Beirut and otherrepresentative cities worldwide, except for the unburned fuel fraction andethane. ERs of aromatics (except benzene) are higher in Beirut compared tonorthern post-industrialized countries and even the Middle Eastern cityMecca. The comparison of the observed ER to the ones extracted from theACCMIP and MACCity global emission inventories suggests that the overallspeciation of anthropogenic sources for major hydrocarbons that act as ozoneand secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors in ACCMIP is betterrepresented than other species.  The comparison of the specific road transport ERs, relative to acetylenederived from near-field measurements, to ERs from ACCMIP and EMEP emissioninventories for the road transport sector showed that ERs of more reactivespecies are usually consistent within a factor of 2 with EMEP, while xylenesand toluene are underestimated by over a factor of 2 by ACCMIP.  The observed heterogeneity of anthropogenic VOC emission composition betweenMiddle Eastern cities can be significant for reactive VOCs but is notdepicted by global emission inventories. This suggests that systematic anddetailed measurements are needed in the eastern Mediterranean Basin in orderto better constrain emission inventory

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Composition of gaseous organic carbon during ECOCEM in Beirut, Lebanon: new observational constraints for VOC anthropogenic emission evaluation in the Middle East