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The static energy content of the atmosphere is increasing on a global scale, but exhibits important subglobal and subregionalscales of variability and is a useful parameter for integrating the net effect of changes in the partitioning of energy at the surfaceand for improving understanding of the causes of so-called <q>warming holes</q> (i.e., locations with decreasing daily maximum airtemperatures (T) or increasing trends of lower magnitude than the global mean). Further, measures of the static energy content(herein the equivalent potential temperature, θe) are more strongly linked to excess human mortality and morbiditythan air temperature alone, and have great relevance in understanding causes of past heat-related excess mortality and makingprojections of possible future events that are likely to be associated with negative human health and economic consequences. Newnonlinear statistical models for summertime daily maximum and minimum θe are developed and used to advanceunderstanding of drivers of historical change and variability over the eastern USA. The predictor variables are an index of the dailyglobal mean temperature, daily indices of the synoptic-scale meteorology derived from T and specific humidity (Q) at 850 and500 hPa geopotential heights (Z), and spatiotemporally averaged soil moisture (SM). SM is particularlyimportant in determining the magnitude of θe over regions that have previously been identified as exhibitingwarming holes, confirming the key importance of SM in dictating the partitioning of net radiation into sensible and latentheat and dictating trends in near-surface T and θe. Consistent with our a priori expectations, models built usingartificial neural networks (ANNs) out-perform linear models that do not permit interaction of the predictor variables (global T,synoptic-scale meteorological conditions and SM). This is particularly marked in regions with high variability in minimum andmaximum θe, where more complex models built using ANN with multiple hidden layers are better able to capture theday-to-day variability in θe and the occurrence of extreme maximum θe. Over the entire domain, the ANNwith three hidden layers exhibits high accuracy in predicting maximum θe > 347 K. The median hit rate formaximum θe > 347 K is  > 0.60, while the median false alarm rate is  ≈ 0.08

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Modeling the contributions of global air temperature, synoptic-scale phenomena and soil moisture to near-surface static energy variability using artificial neural networks