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The emission of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuel is a prime\uddeterminant of variations in atmospheric CO2. Here, we simulate this\udfossil-fuel signal together with the natural and background components with a\udregional high-resolution atmospheric transport model for central and southern\udEurope considering separately the emissions from different sectors and\udcountries on the basis of emission inventories and hourly emission time\udfunctions. The simulated variations in atmospheric CO2 agree very well with observation-based estimates, although the observed variance is slightly underestimated, particularly for the fossil-fuel component. Despite\udrelatively rapid atmospheric mixing, the simulated fossil-fuel signal reveals\uddistinct annual mean structures deep into the troposphere, reflecting the\udspatially dense aggregation of most emissions. The fossil-fuel signal\udaccounts for more than half of the total (fossil fuel + biospheric + background)\udtemporal variations in atmospheric CO2 in most areas of\udnorthern and western central Europe, with the largest variations occurring on\uddiurnal timescales owing to the combination of diurnal variations in\udemissions and atmospheric mixing and transport out of the surface layer. The\udcovariance of the fossil-fuel emissions and atmospheric transport on diurnal\udtimescales leads to a diurnal fossil-fuel rectifier effect of up to 9 ppm\udcompared to a case with time-constant emissions. The spatial pattern of\udCO2 from the different sectors largely reflects the distribution and\udrelative magnitude of the corresponding emissions, with power plant emissions\udleaving the most distinguished mark. An exception is southern and western\udEurope, where the emissions from the transportation sector dominate the\udfossil-fuel signal. Most of the fossil-fuel CO2 remains within the\udcountry responsible for the emission, although in smaller countries up to\ud80 % of the fossil-fuel signal can come from abroad. A fossil-fuel emission\udreduction of 30 % is clearly detectable for a surface-based observing system\udfor atmospheric CO2, while it is beyond the edge of detectability for\udthe current generation of satellites with the exception of a few hotspot\udsites. Changes in variability in atmospheric CO2 might open an\udadditional door for the monitoring and verification of changes in fossil-fuel\udemissions, primarily for surface-based systems

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Spatiotemporal patterns of the fossil-fuel CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; signal in central Europe: results from a high-resolution atmospheric transport model