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Residential solid biomass cookstoves are important sources ofaerosol emissions in India. Cookstove emissions rates are largely based onlaboratory experiments conducted using the standard water-boiling test, butreal-world emissions are often higher owing to different stove designs,fuels, and cooking methods. Constraining mass emissions factors (EFs) forprevalent cookstoves is important because they serve as inputs to bottom-upemissions inventories used to evaluate health and climate impacts. Real-worldEFs were measured during winter 2015 for a traditional cookstove(chulha) burning fuel wood, agricultural residue, anddung from different regions of India. Average (±95 % confidenceinterval) EFs for fuel wood, agricultural residue, and dung were (1) PM2.5 mass: 10.5(7.7–13.4) g kg−1, 11.1 (7.7–15.5) g kg−1, and 22.6(14.9–32.9) g kg−1, respectively; (2) elemental carbon (EC): 0.9(0.6–1.4) g kg−1, 1.6 (0.6–3.0) g kg−1, and 1.0(0.4–2.0) g kg−1, respectively; and (3) organic carbon (OC): 4.9(3.2–7.1) g kg−1, 7.0 (3.5–12.5) g kg−1, and 12.9(4.2–15.01) g kg−1, respectively. The mean(±95 % confidenceinterval) OC ∕ EC mass ratios were 6.5 (4.5–9.1), 7.6 (4.4–12.2), and12.7 (6.5–23.3), respectively, with OC and EC quantified by theIMPROVE_A thermal-optical reflectance protocol. Thesereal-world EFs are higher than those from previous laboratory-basedmeasurements. Combustion conditions have larger effects on EFs than thefuel types. We also report the carbon mass fractions of our aerosol samplesdetermined using the thermal-optical reflectance method. The mass fractionprofiles are consistent between the three fuel categories but markedlydifferent from those reported in past literature – including the sourceprofiles for wood stove PM2.5 emissions developed as inputs to receptormodeling studies conducted by the Central Pollution Control Board of India.Thermally stable OC (OC3 in the IMPROVE_A protocol) contributed nearly 50 % of the total carbon massfor emissions from all fuels

Aerosol emissions factors from traditional biomass cookstoves in India: insights from field measurements