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Long-term monitoring of organic aerosol is important for epidemiologicalstudies, validation of atmospheric models, and air quality management. Inthis study, we apply a recently developed filter-based offline methodologyusing an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) to investigate the regional andseasonal differences of contributing organic aerosol sources. We presentoffline AMS measurements for particulate matter smaller than 10 µmat nine stations in central Europe with different exposure characteristicsfor the entire year of 2013 (819 samples). The focus of this study is adetailed source apportionment analysis (using positive matrix factorization,PMF) including in-depth assessment of the related uncertainties. Primaryorganic aerosol (POA) is separated in three components: hydrocarbon-like OArelated to traffic emissions (HOA), cooking OA (COA), and biomass burning OA(BBOA). We observe enhanced production of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) insummer, following the increase in biogenic emissions with temperature (summeroxygenated OA, SOOA). In addition, a SOA component was extracted thatcorrelated with an anthropogenic secondary inorganic species that is dominantin winter (winter oxygenated OA, WOOA). A factor (sulfur-containing organic,SC-OA) explaining sulfur-containing fragments (CH3SO2+), whichhas an event-driven temporal behaviour, was also identified. The relativeyearly average factor contributions range from 4 to 14 % for HOA, from 3to 11 % for COA, from 11 to 59 % for BBOA, from 5 to 23 % forSC-OA, from 14 to 27 % for WOOA, and from 15 to 38 % for SOOA. Theuncertainty of the relative average factor contribution lies between 2 and12 % of OA. At the sites north of the alpine crest, the sum of HOA, COA,and BBOA (POA) contributes less to OA (POA / OA  =  0.3) than at thesouthern alpine valley sites (0.6). BBOA is the main contributor to POA with87 % in alpine valleys and 42 % north of the alpine crest.Furthermore, the influence of primary biological particles (PBOAs), notresolved by PMF, is estimated and could contribute significantly to OA inPM10

Long-term chemical analysis and organic aerosol source apportionment at nine sites in central Europe: source identification and uncertainty assessment