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Currently, the emission\udinventory of vehicular volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is one of those with\udthe largest errors and uncertainties due to suboptimal estimation methods and\udthe lack of first-hand basic data. In this study, an updated speciated\udemission inventory of VOCs and an estimation of\udintermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) from vehicles in China at\udthe provincial level for the year of 2015 are developed based on a set of\udstate-of-the-art methods and an abundance of local measurement data. Activity\uddata for light-duty vehicles are derived from trajectories of more than\ud70 000 cars for 1 year. The annual mileage of trucks are calculated from\udreported data by more than 2 million trucks in China. The emission profiles\udare updated using measurement data. Vehicular tailpipe emissions (VTEs) and\udfour types of vehicular evaporation emissions (VEEs), including refueling,\udhot soak, diurnal and running loss, are taken into account. Results show that\udthe total vehicular VOC emissions in China are 4.21 Tg (with a 95 %\udconfidence interval range from 2.90 to 6.54 Tg) and the IVOC emissions are\ud200.37 Gg in 2015. VTEs are still the predominant contributor, while VEEs\udare responsible for 39.20 % of VOC emissions. The control of VEEs is yet\udto be optimized in China. Among VTEs, passenger vehicles emissions have the\udlargest share (49.86 %), followed by trucks (28.15 %) and motorcycles\ud(21.99 %). Among VEEs, running loss is the largest contributor\ud(81.05 %). For both VTEs and VEEs, Guangdong, Shandong and Jiangsu\udprovince are three of the highest, with a respective contribution of 10.66,\ud8.85 and 6.54 % to the total amounts of VOCs from vehicles. 97 VOC\udspecies are analyzed in this VOC emission inventory. <i>i</i>-Pentane, toluene and\udformaldehyde are found to be the most abundant species in China's vehicular\udVOC emissions. The estimated IVOCs are another <q>inconvenient truth</q>,\udconcluding that precursor emissions for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from\udvehicles are much larger than previously estimated

An updated emission inventory of vehicular VOCs and IVOCs in China