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China experiences frequent and severe haze outbreaks from the\udbeginning of winter. Carbonaceous aerosols are regarded as an essential\udfactor in controlling the formation and evolution of haze episodes. To\udelucidate the carbon sources of air pollution, source apportionment was\udconducted using radiocarbon (14C) and unique molecular organic\udtracers. Daily 24 h PM2. 5 samples were collected continuously from\udOctober 2013 to November 2013 in 10 Chinese cities. The 14C results\udindicated that non-fossil-fuel (NF) emissions were predominant in total\udcarbon (TC; average  =  65 ± 7 %). Approximately half of the EC was\udderived primarily from biomass burning (BB) (average  =  46 ± 11 %),\udwhile over half of the organic carbon (OC) fraction comprised NF\ud(average  =  68 ± 7 %). On average, the largest contributor to TC was\udNF-derived secondary OC (SOCnf), which accounted for 46 ± 7 % of TC, followed by SOC derived from fossil fuels (FF)\ud(SOCf; 16 ± 3 %), BB-derived primary OC\ud(POCbb; 13 ± 5 %), POC derived from FF (POCf;\ud12 ± 3 %), EC derived from FF (ECf; 7 ± 2 %) and EC\udderived from BB (ECbb; 6 ± 2 %). The regional background\udcarbonaceous aerosol composition was characterized by NF sources; POCs played\uda major role in northern China, while SOCs contributed more in other regions.\udHowever, during haze episodes, there were no dramatic changes in the carbon\udsource or composition in the cities under study, but the contribution of POC\udfrom both FF and NF increased significantly

Sources of non-fossil-fuel emissions in carbonaceous aerosols during early winter in Chinese cities