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More than 7000 atmospheric measurements of over 60 C<sub>2</sub> − C<sub>16</sub>\udvolatile organic compounds (VOCs) were conducted at a background site in Cyprus during a 1-month intensive field campaign held in March 2015. This\udexhaustive dataset consisted of primary anthropogenic and biogenic VOCs, including a wide range of source-specific tracers,\udand oxygenated VOCs (with various origins) that were measured online by flame ionization detection–gas\udchromatography and proton transfer mass spectrometry. Online submicron aerosol chemical composition was performed in\udparallel using an aerosol mass spectrometer. This study presents the high temporal variability in VOCs and their associated\udsources.  A preliminary analysis of their time series was performed on the basis of independent tracers (NO, CO, black\udcarbon), meteorological data and the clustering of air mass trajectories. Biogenic compounds were mainly attributed\udto a local origin and showed compound-specific diurnal cycles such as a daily maximum for isoprene and a nighttime maximum for\udmonoterpenes.  Anthropogenic VOCs as well as oxygenated VOCs displayed higher mixing ratios under the influence of\udcontinental air masses (i.e., western Asia), indicating that long-range transport significantly contributed to the VOC\udlevels in the area. Source apportionment was then conducted on a database of 20 VOCs (or grouped VOCs) using a source\udreceptor model. The positive matrix factorization and concentration field analyses were hence conducted to identify and\udcharacterize covariation factors of VOCs that were representative of primary emissions as well as chemical transformation\udprocesses. A six-factor PMF solution was selected, namely two primary biogenic factors (relative contribution of 43 %\udto the total mass of VOCs) for different types of emitting vegetation; three anthropogenic factors (short-lived combustion\udsource, evaporative sources, industrial and evaporative sources; 21 % all together), identified as being either of local origin\udor from more distant emission zones (i.e., the south coast of Turkey); and a last factor (36 %) associated with\udregional background pollution (air masses transported both from the Western and Eastern Mediterranean regions). One of the\udtwo biogenic and the regional background factors were found to be the largest contributors to the VOC concentrations\udobserved at our sampling site. Finally, a combined analysis of VOC PMF factors with source-apportioned organic aerosols\ud(OAs) helped to better distinguish between anthropogenic and biogenic influences on the aerosol and gas phase\udcompositions. The highest OA concentrations were observed when the site was influenced by air masses rich in semi-volatile\udOA (less oxidized aerosols) originating from the southwest of Asia, in contrast with OA factor contributions associated\udwith the remaining source regions. A reinforcement of secondary OA formation also occurred due to the intense oxidation of\udbiogenic precursors

Origin and variability in volatile organic compounds observed at an Eastern Mediterranean background site (Cyprus)