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The interaction of a tropical disturbance with its environment isthought to play an important role in whether a disturbance will develop ornot. Most developing disturbances are somewhat protected from the intrusionof environmental dry air at mid-levels. For African easterly wave (AEW)disturbances, the protective boundary is approximated by closed streamlinesin the wave-relative frame, and their interior is called the wave pouch. Thedynamic and thermodynamic processes of spin-up occur inside the pouch.  In this study, we define the kinematic boundaries for a non-AEW disturbance inthe Bay of Campeche that originated along a sharp frontal boundary in aconfluent region of low pressure. We examine these boundaries during thegenesis of Hurricane Nate (2011) to show how a pouch boundary on isobariclevels in the Lagrangian frame may allow for some transport into the pouchalong the frontal boundary while still protecting the innermost developmentregion. This result illustrates a generic property of weakly unsteady flows,including the time-dependent critical layer of AEWs, that lateral exchange ofair occurs along a segment of the boundary formed by the instantaneous,closed translating streamlines.  Transport in the Lagrangian frame is simplest when measured with respect tothe stable and unstable manifolds of a hyperbolic trajectory, which aretopologically invariant. In this framework, an exact analysis of vorticitytransport identifies the primary source as the advection of vorticity throughthe entrainment and expulsion of bounded material regions called lobes. Wealso show how these Lagrangian boundaries impact the concentration ofmoisture, influence convection, and contribute to the pouch verticalstructure

The genesis of Hurricane Nate and its interaction with a nearby environment of very dry air