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Intensive measurements of submicron aerosol particles and their chemicalcomposition were performed with an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM)at the Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR) in Cabauw,the Netherlands, sampling at 5 m height above ground. The campaign lasted nearly 1 yearfrom July 2012 to June 2013 as part of the EU-FP7-ACTRIS project (Q-ACSMNetwork). Including equivalent black carbon an average particulate massconcentration of 9.50 µg m−3 was obtained during the wholecampaign with dominant contributions from ammonium nitrate (45 %),organic aerosol (OA, 29 %), and ammonium sulfate (19 %). There were 12exceedances of the World Health Organization (WHO) PM2.5 daily meanlimit (25 µg m−3) observed at this rural site usingPM1 instrumentation only. Ammonium nitrate and OA represented thelargest contributors to total particulate matter during periods ofexceedance. Source apportionment of OA was performed season-wise by positive matrixfactorization (PMF) using the multilinear engine 2 (ME-2) controlled via thesource finder (SoFi). Primary organic aerosols were attributed mainly totraffic (8–16 % contribution to total OA, averaged season-wise) andbiomass burning (0–23 %). Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs, 61–84 %)dominated the organic fraction during the whole campaign, particularly ondays with high mass loadings. A SOA factor which is attributed to humic-likesubstances (HULIS) was identified as a highly oxidized background aerosol inCabauw. This shows the importance of atmospheric aging processes for aerosolconcentration at this rural site. Due to the large secondary fraction, thereduction of particulate mass at this rural site is challenging on a localscale

Aerosol source apportionment from 1-year measurements at the CESAR tower in Cabauw, the Netherlands