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The largest 7 Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) operation period within the\udMaritime Continent (MC) occurred in the August–September 2012 biomass\udburning season. Included was an enhanced deployment of Aerosol Robotic\udNetwork (AERONET) sun photometers, multiple lidars, and field measurements to\udobserve transported smoke and pollution as it left the MC and entered the\udsouthwest monsoon trough. Here we describe the nature of the overall\ud2012 southwest monsoon (SWM) and biomass burning season to give context to\udthe 2012 deployment. The MC in 2012 was in a slightly warm El\udNiño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phase and with spatially typical burning\udactivity. However, overall fire counts for 2012 were 10 % lower than the\udReid et al. (2012) baseline, with regions of significant departures from this\udnorm, ranging from southern Sumatra (+30 %)\udto southern Kalimantan\ud(−42 %). Fire activity and monsoonal flows for the dominant burning\udregions were modulated by a series of intraseasonal oscillation events (e.g.,\udMadden–Julian Oscillation, or MJO, and boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation, or\udBSISO). As is typical, fire activity systematically progressed eastward over\udtime, starting with central Sumatran fire activity in June related to a\udmoderately strong MJO event which brought drier air from the Indian Ocean\udaloft and enhanced monsoonal flow. Further burning in Sumatra and Kalimantan\udBorneo occurred in a series of significant events from early August to a peak\udin the first week of October, ending when the monsoon started to migrate back\udto its wintertime northeastern flow conditions in mid-October. Significant\udmonsoonal enhancements and flow reversals collinear with tropical cyclone\ud(TC) activity and easterly waves were also observed. Islands of the eastern\udMC, including Sulawesi, Java, and Timor, showed less sensitivity to monsoonal\udvariation, with slowly increasing fire activity that also peaked in early\udOctober but lingered into November. Interestingly, even though fire counts\udwere middling, resultant AERONET 500 nm aerosol optical thickness (AOT)\udfrom fire activity was high, with maximums of 3.6 and 5.6 in the Sumatra and\udKalimantan source regions at the end of the burning season and  an\udaverage of ∼ 1. AOTs could also be high at receptor sites, with a mean\udand maximum of 0.57 and 1.24 in Singapore and 0.61 and 0.8 in Kuching\udSarawak. Ultimately, outside of the extreme 2015 El Niño event, average\udAERONET AOT values were higher than any other time since sites were\udestablished. Thus, while satellite fire data, models, and AERONET all\udqualitatively agree on the nature of smoke production and transport, the MC's\udcomplex environment resulted in clear differences in quantitative\udinterpretation of these datasets

Aerosol meteorology of the Maritime Continent for the 2012 7SEAS southwest monsoon intensive study – Part 1: regional-scale phenomena