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Predictions of temperature and precipitation responses to changes in theanthropogenic emissions of climate forcers require the quantification of theradiative forcing exerted by those changes. This task is particularlydifficult for near-term climate forcers like aerosols, methane, and ozoneprecursors because their short atmospheric lifetimes cause regionally andtemporally inhomogeneous radiative forcings. This study quantifies specificradiative forcing, defined as the radiative forcing per unit change in massemitted, for eight near-term climate forcers as a function of their sourceregions and the season of emission by using dedicated simulations by fourgeneral circulation and chemistry-transport models. Although differences inthe representation of atmospheric chemistry and radiative processes indifferent models impede the creation of a uniform dataset, four distinctfindings can be highlighted. Firstly, specific radiative forcing for sulfurdioxide and organic carbon are stronger when aerosol–cloud interactions aretaken into account. Secondly, there is a lack of agreement on the sign ofthe specific radiative forcing of volatile organic compound perturbations,suggesting they are better avoided in climate mitigation strategies.Thirdly, the strong seasonalities of the specific radiative forcing of mostforcers allow strategies to minimise positive radiative forcing based on thetiming of emissions. Finally, European and shipping emissions exert strongeraerosol specific radiative forcings compared to East Asia where the baselineis more polluted. This study can therefore form the basis for furtherrefining climate mitigation options based on regional and seasonal controlson emissions. For example, reducing summertime emissions of black carbon andwintertime emissions of sulfur dioxide in the more polluted regions is apossible way to improve air quality without weakening the negative radiativeforcing of aerosols

Regional and seasonal radiative forcing by perturbations to aerosol and ozone precursor emissions