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The exact mechanisms for new particle formation (NPF) under differentboundary layer conditions are not known yet. One important question iswhether amines and sulfuric acid lead to efficient NPF in the atmosphere.Furthermore, it is not clear to what extent highly oxidized organicmolecules (HOMs) are involved in NPF. We conducted field measurements at arural site in central Germany in the proximity of three larger dairy farmsto investigate whether there is a connection between NPF and the presence ofamines and/or ammonia due to the local emissions from the farms.Comprehensive measurements using a nitrate chemical ionization–atmosphericpressure interface time-of-flight (CI-APi-TOF) mass spectrometer, a proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS), particle counters anddifferential mobility analyzers (DMAs), as well as measurements of tracegases and meteorological parameters, were performed. We demonstrate here thatthe nitrate CI-APi-TOF is suitable for sensitive measurements of sulfuricacid, amines, a nitrosamine, ammonia, iodic acid and HOMs. NPF was found tocorrelate with sulfuric acid, while an anti-correlation with RH, amines andammonia is observed. The anti-correlation between NPF and amines could bedue to the efficient uptake of these compounds by nucleating clusters andsmall particles. Much higher HOM dimer (C<sub>19</sub>/C<sub>20</sub> compounds) concentrationsduring the night than during the day indicate that these HOMs do notefficiently self-nucleate as no nighttime NPF is observed. Observed iodicacid probably originates from an iodine-containing reservoir substance, butthe iodine signals are very likely too low to have a significant effect onNPF

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Observation of new particle formation and measurement of sulfuric acid, ammonia, amines and highly oxidized organic molecules at a rural site in central Germany