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Simultaneous measurements of particle number size distribution, particle\udhygroscopic properties, and size-resolved chemical composition were made\udduring the summer of 2014 in Beijing, China. During the measurement period,\udthe mean hygroscopicity parameters (κs) of 50, 100, 150, 200, and\ud250 nm particles were respectively 0.16  ±  0.07, 0.19  ±  0.06,\ud0.22  ±  0.06, 0.26  ±  0.07, and 0.28  ±  0.10, showing an\udincreasing trend with increasing particle size. Such size dependency of\udparticle hygroscopicity was similar to that of the inorganic mass fraction\udin PM1. The hydrophilic mode (hygroscopic growth factor, HGF  >  1.2) was more prominent\udin growth factor probability density distributions and its dominance of\udhydrophilic mode became more pronounced with increasing particle size. When\udPM2.5 mass concentration was greater than 50 μg m−3, the\udfractions of the hydrophilic mode for 150, 250, and 350 nm particles\udincreased towards 1 as PM2.5 mass concentration increased. This\udindicates that aged particles dominated during severe pollution periods in\udthe atmosphere of Beijing. Particle hygroscopic growth can be well predicted\udusing high-time-resolution size-resolved chemical composition derived from\udaerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements using the Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson (ZSR) mixing rule. The organic hygroscopicity\udparameter (κorg) showed a positive correlation with the oxygen to\udcarbon ratio. During the new particle formation event associated with\udstrongly active photochemistry, the hygroscopic growth factor or κ\udof newly formed particles is greater than for particles with the same sizes\udnot during new particle formation (NPF) periods. A quick transformation from external mixture to\udinternal mixture for pre-existing particles (for example, 250 nm particles)\udwas observed. Such transformations may modify the state of the mixture of\udpre-existing particles and thus modify properties such as the light\udabsorption coefficient and cloud condensation nuclei activation

Particle hygroscopicity and its link to chemical composition in the urban atmosphere of Beijing, China, during summertime