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A new parameterization with three prognostic liquid waterclasses was implemented into the general circulation model (GCM) ECHAM5 with theaerosol module HAM in order to improve the global representation of rain formation in marinestratiform clouds. The additionally introduced drizzle class improves thephysical representation of the droplet spectrum and, more importantly,improves the microphysical processes relevant for precipitation formationcompared to the standard parameterization. In order to avoid a mismatch ofthe liquid and ice phase, a prognostic treatment of snow has beenintroduced too. This has a significant effect on the amount and altitude ofice clouds, which in turn affects not only the in- and outgoing radiationbut also the parameterized collection rates. With the introduction of aprognostic precipitation scheme, a more realistic representation of bothliquid and ice phase large-scale precipitation is achieved compared to adiagnostic treatment. An encouraging finding is that with the prognostictreatment the increase of the liquid water path in response to anthropogenicaerosols is reduced by about 25 %. Although the total net radiativeforcing is decreased from −1.3±0.3 to −1.6±0.3 W m<sup>−2</sup> fromthe control to the prognostic model version, the difference is within theinterannual variability. Altogether the results suggest that the treatment ofprecipitation in global circulation models has not only a significant influence on thephase of clouds and their conversion rates, but also hints towards uncertaintiesrelated to a prognostic precipitation scheme

Prognostic precipitation with three liquid water classes in the ECHAM5–HAM GCM