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In this work, the evolution of contrails in the vortex and  dissipation regimes is studied by means of fully three-dimensional  large-eddy simulation (LES) coupled to a Lagrangian particle  tracking method to treat the ice phase. In this paper, fine-scale  atmospheric turbulence is generated and sustained by means of a  stochastic forcing that mimics the properties of stably stratified  turbulent flows as those occurring in the upper troposphere and lower  stratosphere. The initial flow field is composed of the turbulent  background flow and a wake flow obtained from separate LES of the  jet regime. Atmospheric turbulence is the main driver of the wake  instability and the structure of the resulting wake is sensitive to  the intensity of the perturbations, primarily in the vertical  direction. A stronger turbulence accelerates the onset of the  instability, which results in shorter contrail descent and more  effective mixing in the interior of the plume. However, the  self-induced turbulence that is produced in the wake after the  vortex breakup dominates over background turbulence until the end  of the vortex regime and controls the mixing with ambient air. This  results in mean microphysical characteristics such as ice mass and  optical depth that are slightly affected by the intensity of  atmospheric turbulence. However, the background humidity  and temperature have a first-order effect on the survival of ice  crystals and particle size distribution, which is in line with  recent studies

Large-eddy simulation of contrail evolution in the vortex phase and its interaction with atmospheric turbulence