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During the 2011/12 and 2012/13 austral summers, HCHO was investigated for thefirst time in ambient air, snow, and interstitial air at the Concordia site,located near Dome C on the East Antarctic Plateau, by deploying an AerolaserAL-4021 analyzer. Snow emission fluxes were estimated from vertical gradientsof mixing ratios observed at 1 cm and 1 m above the snow surface as well asin interstitial air a few centimeters below the surface and in air just above thesnowpack. Typical flux values range between 1 and2 × 1012 molecules m−2 s−1 at night and 3 and5 × 1012 molecules m−2 s−1 at noon. Shadingexperiments suggest that the photochemical HCHO production in the snowpack atConcordia remains negligible compared to temperature-driven air–snowexchanges. At 1 m above the snow surface, the observed mean mixing ratio of130 pptv and its diurnal cycle characterized by a slight decrease aroundnoon are quite well reproduced by 1-D simulations that include snow emissionsand gas-phase methane oxidation chemistry. Simulations indicate that thegas-phase production from CH4 oxidation largely contributes (66%)to the observed HCHO mixing ratios. In addition, HCHO snow emissions accountfor ~ 30% at night and ~ 10% at noon to the observedHCHO levels

Formaldehyde (HCHO) in air, snow, and interstitial air at Concordia (East Antarctic Plateau) in summer