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Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) plays an important role in atmosphericaerosol chemistry. China is one of the largest NH3 emitting countrieswith the majority of NH3 emissions coming from agriculturalpractices, such as fertilizer application and livestock production. Thecurrent NH3 emission estimates in China are mainly based onpre-defined emission factors that lack temporal or spatial details, whichare needed to accurately predict NH3 emissions. This study providesthe first online estimate of NH3 emissions from agricultural fertilizerapplication in China, using an agricultural fertilizer modeling system whichcouples a regional air quality model (the Community Multi-scale Air Quality model, or CMAQ) and an agro-ecosystem model (the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate model, or EPIC). This method improves the spatial andtemporal resolution of NH3 emissions from this sector. We combined the cropland area data of 14 crops from 2710 counties with theModerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land use data todetermine the crop distribution. The fertilizer application rates andmethods for different crops were collected at provincial or agriculturalregion levels. The EPIC outputs of daily fertilizer application and soilcharacteristics were input into the CMAQ model and the hourly NH3emissions were calculated online with CMAQ running. The estimatedagricultural fertilizer NH3 emissions in this study were approximately3 Tg in 2011. The regions with the highest modeled emission rates are locatedin the North China Plain. Seasonally, peak ammonia emissions occur fromApril to July. Compared with previous researches, this study considers anincreased number of influencing factors, such as meteorological fields, soiland fertilizer application, and provides improved NH3 emissions withhigher spatial and temporal resolution

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Estimating NH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; emissions from agricultural fertilizer application in China using the bi-directional CMAQ model coupled to an agro-ecosystem model