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During the spring of 2009, as part of the Ocean–Atmosphere–SeaIce–Snowpack (OASIS) campaign in Barrow, Alaska, USA, we examined theidentity, population diversity, freezing nucleation ability of the microbialcommunities of five different snow types and frost flowers. In addition tothe culturing and gene-sequence-based identification approach, we utilized astate-of-the-art genomic next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique toexamine the diversity of bacterial communities in Arctic samples. Known phylaor candidate divisions were detected (11–18) with the majority of sequences(12.3–83.1%) belonging to one of the five major phyla: Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Cyanobacteria. The number ofgenera detected ranged from, 101–245. The highest number of cultivablebacteria was observed in frost flowers (FFs) and accumulated snow (AS) with325 ± 35 and 314 ± 142 CFU m L−1, respectively; and forcultivable fungi 5 ± 1 CFU m L−1 in windpack (WP) and blowingsnow (BS). Morphology/elemental composition and ice-nucleating abilities ofthe identified taxa were obtained using high resolution electron microscopywith energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and ice nucleation cold-plate,respectively. Freezing point temperatures for bacterial isolates ranged from−20.3 ± 1.5 to −15.7 ± 5.6 °C, and for melted snowsamples from −9.5 ± 1.0 to −18.4 ± 0.1 °C. An isolate belongingto the genus Bacillus (96% similarity) had ice nucleationactivity of −6.8 ± 0.2 °C. Comparison with Montreal urban snow,revealed that a seemingly diverse community of bacteria exists in the Arcticwith some taxa possibly originating from distinct ecological environments. Wediscuss the potential impact of snow microorganisms in the freezing andmelting process of the snowpack in the Arctic

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Arctic microbial and next-generation sequencing approach for bacteria in snow and frost flowers: selected identification, abundance and freezing nucleation