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This study examines differences in the surface black carbon (BC) aerosolloading between the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and the Arabian Sea (AS) andidentifies dominant sources of BC in South Asia and surrounding regionsduring March–May 2006 (Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, Gases and RadiationBudget, ICARB) period. A total of 13 BC tracers are introduced in theWeather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with Chemistry to addressthese objectives. The model reproduced the temporal and spatial variabilityof BC distribution observed over the AS and the BoB during the ICARBship cruise and captured spatial variability at the inland sites. Ingeneral, the model underestimates the observed BC mass concentrations.However, the model–observation discrepancy in this study is smaller comparedto previous studies. Model results show that ICARB measurements were fairlywell representative of the AS and the BoB during thepre-monsoon season. Elevated BC mass concentrations in the BoB are due to5 times stronger influence of anthropogenic emissions on the BoB comparedto the AS. Biomass burning in Burma also affects the BoB much more stronglythan the AS. Results show that anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions,respectively, accounted for 60 and 37% of the average ± standard deviation (representing spatial and temporal variability) BC massconcentration (1341 ± 2353 ng m<sup>−3</sup>) in South Asia. BC emissionsfrom residential (61%) and industrial (23%) sectors are the majoranthropogenic sources, except in the Himalayas where vehicular emissionsdominate. We find that regional-scale transport of anthropogenic emissionscontributes up to 25% of BC mass concentrations in western and easternIndia, suggesting that surface BC mass concentrations cannot be linkeddirectly to the local emissions in different regions of South Asia

Sources of black carbon aerosols in South Asia and surrounding regions during the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, Gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB)