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Using 2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR (radar–lidar) cloud classification and2B-FLXHR-LIDAR radiation products from CloudSat over 4 years, this studyevaluates the co-occurrence frequencies of different cloud types, analyzestheir along-track horizontal scales and cloud radiative effects (CREs), andutilizes the vertical distributions of cloud types to evaluate cloud-overlapassumptions.  The statistical results show that high clouds, altostratus (As), altocumulus(Ac) and cumulus (Cu) tend to coexist with other cloud types. However,stratus (St) (or stratocumulus, Sc), nimbostratus (Ns) and convective cloudsare much more likely to exhibit individual features than other cloud types.On average, altostratus-over-stratus/stratocumulus cloud systems have amaximum horizontal scale of 17.4 km, with a standard deviation of 23.5 km.Altocumulus-over-cumulus cloud types have a minimum scale of 2.8 km,with a standard deviation of 3.1 km. By considering the weight of eachmultilayered cloud type, we find that the global mean instantaneous net CREsof multilayered cloud systems during the daytime are approximately −41.3and −50.2 W m<sup>−2</sup>, which account for 40.1 and 42.3% of the globalmean total net CREs at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and at the surface,respectively. The radiative contributions of high-over-altocumulus andhigh-over-stratus/stratocumulus (or cumulus) in the all multilayered cloudsystems are dominant due to their frequency.  Considering the overlap of cloud types, the cloud fraction based on therandom overlap assumption is underestimated over vast oceans, except in thewest-central Pacific Ocean warm pool. Obvious overestimations mainly occurover tropical and subtropical land masses. In view of a  lower degree ofoverlap than that predicted by the random overlap assumption to occur over thevast ocean, particularly poleward of 40° S, the study thereforesuggests that a linear combination of minimum and random overlap assumptionsmay further improve the predictions of actual cloud fractions formultilayered cloud types (e.g., As + St/Sc andAc + St/Sc) over the Southern Ocean. The establishment ofa statistical relationship between multilayered cloud types and theenvironmental conditions (e.g., atmospheric vertical motion, convectivestability and wind shear) would be useful for parameterization design ofcloud overlap in numerical models

A global survey of cloud overlap based on CALIPSO and CloudSat measurements