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The thermal structure of tropical cyclones (TCs) in different ocean basinsis studied using global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO)measurements co-located with TCs' best tracks. The objective of this work isto understand the mutual influence of TCs and atmospheric parameters indifferent regions. We selected more than 20 000 GPS RO profiles co-locatedwith TCs in a time window of 6 h and space window of 600 km from the TCcenter in the period 2001–2012 and classified them by intensity of thecyclone and by ocean basin. The results show that TCs havedifferent characteristics depending on the basin, which affects the cloudtop altitude and the TC thermal structure which usually shows a negativetemperature anomaly near the cloud top altitude. In the Northern Hemisphereocean basins, the temperature anomaly becomes positive above the cloud topwhile in the Southern Hemisphere ocean basins it stays negative up to about25 km in altitude. Furthermore, in the Southern Hemisphere the storms reach higher cloud topaltitudes than in the Northern Hemisphere ocean basins, indicating thatpossible overshootings overpass the climatological tropopause more deeply atextratropical latitudes. The comparison of the TC thermal structure with therespective monthly mean tropopause altitude allows for a detailed analysis ofthe probability for possible overshooting. While the co-locations betweenGPS ROs and TC tracks are well distributed in all the ocean basins,conditions for possible overshootings are found to be more frequent in theSouthern Hemisphere basins and in the northern Indian Ocean basin. However, thenumber of possible overshootings for high intensity storms (i.e., TCcategories 1–5) is the highest in the western Pacific Ocean basin

Characterization of thermal structure and conditions for overshooting of tropical and extratropical cyclones with GPS radio occultation