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Aerosol filter samples were collected at a high-elevation mountainobservatory (4180 m a.s.l.) in the northeastern part of theQinghai–Xizang (Tibet) Plateau (QXP) during summer 2012 using a low-volumesampler and a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI). These sampleswere analyzed for water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIs), organic carbon (OC),elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and total organic nitrogen (TON) to elucidate the size-resolved chemical compositionof free tropospheric aerosols in the QXP region. The average massconcentration of the sum of the analyzed species in PM2.5 (particle matter) (WSIs + OC+ EC + TON) was 3.74 μg sm−3, 36% of which was sulfate,18% OC, 17 % nitrate, 10% ammonium, 6.6% calcium, 6.4% TON,2.6% EC, 1.5 % sodium, 0.9% chloride, 0.5% magnesium, and 0.3%potassium. The size distributions of sulfate and ammonium peaked in theaccumulation mode (0.32–0.56 μm), whereas the size distributions ofboth nitrate and calcium peaked in the range of 1.8–3.2 μm,suggesting the formation of nitrate on mineral dust. OC, EC and TON werealso predominantly found in the accumulation mode. The bulk chemicalcomposition and the average oxidation degree of water-soluble organic matter(WSOM) were assessed using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol massspectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). WSOM was found to be highly oxidized in allPM2.5 samples with an average oxygen-to-carbon atomic ratio (O / C) of1.16 and an organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio (OM / OC) of 2.75. The highlyoxidized WSOM was likely related to active cloud processing during upslopeair mass transport coupled with strongly oxidizing environments caused bysnow/ice photochemistry. High average ratios of OC / EC (7.6) and WSOC / OC(0.79) suggested that organic aerosols were primarily made of secondaryspecies. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was estimated on average accountingfor 80% (62–96%) of the PM2.5, indicating that SOA is animportant component of free tropospheric aerosols over the northern QXP

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Chemical composition and size distribution of summertime PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2.5&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; at a high altitude remote location in the northeast of the Qinghai–Xizang (Tibet) Plateau: insights into aerosol sources and processing in free troposphere